Nuevo registro de Liolaemus warjantay (Reptilia, Liolaemidae) y comentarios sobre el grupo montanus en Perú

Se registra Liolaemus warjantay para el departamento de Ayacucho, una especie conocida anteriormente solo para Arequipa. La nueva población es identificada en base a secuencias de ADN y se muestra su variación morfométrica y merística. También, se realizan comentarios sobre las especies recientemente descritas del grupo montanus de Perú.

Liolaemus warjantay is recorded in the Ayacucho department, a species previously known only from Arequipa. The new population is identified based on DNA sequences, also its morphometric and meristic variability is presented. Additionally, comments are made regarding recently described species within the montanus group in Peru.

Trends in Over-the-Counter Nicotine Replacement Therapy Sales, U.S., 2017‒2020.

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have examined trends in over-the-counter U.S. Food and Drug Administration‒approved nicotine replacement therapy sales data and consumer preferences for nicotine replacement therapy attributes (e.g., flavor). Examination of consumer preferences may inform both public health smoking cessation programs as well as subsequent research on consumer preferences for potentially reduced-risk tobacco products U.S. Food and Drug Administration may authorize. METHODS: NielsenIQ Retail Measurement Service data were used to examine national trends in over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy dollar sales from 2017 to 2020 and dollar sales by retail channel and product attributes for the most recent year available at the time of analysis (2020). RESULTS: Over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy sales totaled about $1 billion annually between 2017 and 2020. Across the 4-year period, sales of gum and patches decreased, whereas lozenge sales increased (p<0.05 for all). In 2020, gum accounted for 52.7% ($511 million), lozenges accounted for 33.3% ($322 million), and patches accounted for 14.1% ($137 million) of over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy sales. Drug stores were the retail channel accounting for the largest percentage of total over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy sales (42.9%). Three leading brands-private label or store brands (62.8%), Nicorette (30.7%,), and NicoDerm CQ (5.7%)-accounted for 99.2% of the total over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy market. Mint was the most common flavor, representing 41.2% of total gum and 73.6% of total lozenge sales. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy sales sheds light on consumer preferences for attributes that can inform efforts to facilitate smoking cessation and research on preferences related to potentially reduced-risk tobacco products.

Anfibios y reptiles del departamento de Ica con comentarios sobre su distribución

En este trabajo se presenta el listado actualizado de anfibios y reptiles de Ica. Las especies son comentadas, acompañadas de mapas de distribución y claves de identificación para reptiles y anfibios. Se recopiló información de registros en colecciones científicas, artículos científicos, informes de agencias gubernamentales de vida silvestre y bases de datos taxonómicas especializadas. Adicionalmente, entre los años 2019 y 2020 se realizaron evaluaciones de campo en zonas con vacíos de información. Se encontraron un total de 22 especies (anfibios 3 y reptiles 19). Los nuevos registros de reptiles para Ica incluyen la lagartija Liolaemus evaristoi y la serpiente Incaspis tachymenoides en la provincia de Chincha a 4200 y 3200 m de altitud respectivamente, la lagartija Stenocercus ornatissimus y la serpiente ciega Epictia tesselata en la provincia de Pisco a 3500 y 2800 m respectivamente. Los nuevos registros de anfibios incluyen a Pleurodema marmoratum en la provincia de Chincha (3900 m) y Telmatobius rimac en las provincias de Chincha y Palpa a 3900 y 2350 m respectivamente. La mayor riqueza y endemismos locales se encontraron en el desierto costero, mientras que, las ampliaciones de distribución y endemismos regionales se registraron en la vertiente occidental de los Andes. También, se observa que las familias Leptotyphlopidae y Viperidae, y los géneros Dicrodon, Stenocercus y Oxyrophus terminan su distribución en la vertiente occidental y la zona costera de los departamentos de Ica y Arequipa sin representantes en el extremo sur del Perú y Chile.

This paper presents the updated list of amphibians and reptiles of Ica. Species are commented, accompanied by distribution maps and identification keys for reptiles and amphibians. Information was collected from scientific collections, scientific articles, governmental wildlife agency reports, and specialized taxonomic database. Additionally, between 2019 and 2020, field surveys were carried out in areas with information gaps. A total of 22 species were found (amphibians 3 and reptiles 19). The new records of reptiles include the Liolaemus evaristoi lizard and the Incaspis tachymenoides snake from Chincha province at 4200 and 3200 m altitude respectively, the Stenocercus ornatissimus lizard and the blind snake Epictia tesselata from Pisco province at 3500 and 2800 m respectively. New amphibian records include Pleurodema marmoratum in Chincha province (3900 m) and Telmatobius rimac in Chincha and Palpa provinces at 3900 and 2350 m respectively. The greatest richness and local endemism were found in the coastal desert, while the expansion of distribution and regional endemism were recorded on the western slope of the Andes. Also, it is observed that the families Leptotyphlopidae and Viperidae, and the genera Dicrodon, Stenocercus and Oxyrophus are finishing their distribution in the western slope and the coastal zone of the departments of Ica and Arequipa without representatives in the extreme south of Peru and Chile.

A Comparison of Use Topography and Nicotine Pharmacokinetics Among Loose and Portioned Smokeless Tobacco Users.

INTRODUCTION: Moist snuff smokeless tobacco (ST) products are available in the United States in both "loose" and "portioned" (ie, pouched) formats, but no published study to date has clinically evaluated the associations between ST format, use behavior, and nicotine exposure. AIMS AND METHODS: Participants used their usual brand of ST (loose ST [n = 30] or portioned ST [n = 20]) during an experimental visit wherein use behavior and plasma nicotine pharmacokinetic parameters were measured following single use (first hour of the session) and ad libitum use (remaining 7 h of the session). Participants' ST products were chemically characterized prior to use for pH and nicotine content. RESULTS: The average amount per use (2.99 vs. 1.52 g; p = .005) and total amount used (11.45 vs. 5.4 g; p = .002) were significantly higher among the loose ST group. Maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax; 33.4 vs. 19.1 ng/ml) and area under the nicotine concentration versus time curve (AUC) were significantly higher for the loose ST group for the first hour (1474.8 vs. 807.2 min* ng/ml; p = .003) and throughout the 8-hour session (15827.9 vs. 8155.3 min* ng/ml; p < .001). Significant associations were observed between free nicotine content and first use Cmax (rs = .488, loose ST group) and AUC0-1 h (rs = 0.448, loose ST group; rs = .441, portioned ST group). CONCLUSIONS: The loose ST group used more product and had a greater average deposition time per use than the portioned ST group. Nicotine exposure was more strongly associated with free nicotine content than total nicotine content. IMPLICATIONS: To our knowledge, the current investigation was the first study to date to clinically evaluate the associations between usual-brand smokeless format, use behavior, and nicotine exposure. We observed meaningful differences in use behavior and subsequent nicotine exposure between loose and portioned ST users. Further, we observed that nicotine exposure was more strongly associated with free nicotine content than total nicotine content.

The contribution of smoking-attributable mortality to differences in mortality and life expectancy among US African-American and white adults, 2000-2019.

BACKGROUND: The role of smoking in racial disparities in mortality and life expectancy in the United States has been examined previously, but up-to-date estimates are generally unavailable, even though smoking prevalence has declined in recent decades. OBJECTIVE: We estimate the contribution of smoking-attributable mortality to observed differences in mortality and life expectancy for US African-American and white adults from 2000-2019. METHODS: The indirect Preston-Glei-Wilmoth method was used with national vital statistics and population data and nationally representative never-smoker lung cancer death rates to estimate the smoking-attributable fraction (SAF) of deaths in the United States by sex-race group from 2000-2019. Mortality rates without smoking-attributable mortality were used to estimate life expectancy at age 50 (e 50) by group during the period. RESULTS: African-American men had the highest estimated SAF during the period, beginning at 26.4% (95% CI:25.0%-27.8%) in 2000 and ending at 12.1% (95% CI:11.4%-12.8%) in 2019. The proportion of the difference in e 50 for white and African-American men that was due to smoking decreased from 27.7% to 14.8%. For African-American and white women, the estimated differences in e 50 without smoking-attributable mortality were similar to observed differences. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking continues to contribute to racial disparities in mortality and life expectancy among men in the United States. CONTRIBUTION: We present updated estimates of the contribution of smoking to mortality differences in the United States using nationally representative data sources.

Modeling mortality risk effects of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: results from the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File Data.

BACKGROUND: Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are among a wide range of tobacco products that are addictive and pose a significant health risk. In this study, we estimated smoking- and SLT use-related mortality hazard ratios (HRs) among U.S. adults by sex, age group, and cause of death, for nine mutually exclusive categories of smoking and/or SLT use. METHODS: We used data from the public-use National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality with mortality follow-up through 2015. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate mortality HRs, adjusted by race/ethnicity, education, poverty level, body mass index, and tobacco-use status. RESULTS: With never users as reference group, HRs for smoking-related diseases for male exclusive current smokers aged 35-64 and 65+ were 2.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.79-2.65), and 2.45 (95% CI: 2.14-2.79), respectively. Similar significant HR estimates were found for females and for all-cause mortality (ACM) and other-cause mortality (OCM) outcomes. HRs for exclusive current SLT users were only significant for males aged 35-64 for ACM (HR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.27-3.27) and OCM (HR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.50-5.25). HRs for users who switched from cigarettes to SLT products were significant for males aged 65+ for smoking-related diseases (HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.47-2.88), SLT-related diseases (HR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.36-2.89), and ACM (HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.21-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: Male exclusive current SLT users aged 35-64 had a significant HR for ACM and OCM outcomes, suggesting that deaths not attributed to SLT use could be contributing to the ACM elevated HR for exclusive current SLT users.

Assessing quality-adjusted years of life lost associated with exclusive cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use.

The main purpose of this analysis is to quantify quality adjusted life years (QALYs) lost associated with lifetime exclusive cigarette or smokeless tobacco use among U.S. adults. Multiple waves of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data linked to death certificate records were used to define current exclusive cigarette and smokeless tobacco use and associated mortality risks. NHIS data were used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Regression and Cox proportional hazard modeling were used to adjust HRQOL and mortality risk associated with tobacco use for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, education, and household poverty level. QALYs were estimated based on adjusted HRQOL and mortality risks. All analyses were initiated in 2019 and completed in 2020. Male current exclusive cigarette smokers, aged 25 to 29 years would lose 8.1 QALYs (SE = 0.09), and male current exclusive smokeless tobacco users aged 25 to 34 would lose 4.1 QALYs (SE = 0.22), compared to never users of tobacco. Current exclusive cigarette or smokeless tobacco use is associated with QALY loss. QALYs lost can be lessened through preventing the initiation of tobacco product use or helping tobacco product users quit as early in life as possible.